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    中國生態農業學報

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    《中國生態農業學報》原名《生態農業研究》，1993年創刊，中國科學院遺傳與發育生物學研究所和中國生態經濟學會主辦，科學出版社出版。系中國期刊方陣雙效期刊、中國科技核心期刊，中國科技論文統計源刊、萬方數據庫統計源刊、中國科學引文數據庫源刊、中國期刊網統計源刊以及中國期刊全文數據庫源刊，并被國際農業生物學文摘(CABI)、美國化學文摘(CA)、哥白尼索引（IC）、美國烏利希國際期刊指南等國際數據庫及檢索單位收錄?！吨袊鷳B農業學報》是以農業生態學為理論基礎，研究農業生態系統及其穩定發展理論與技術的大農業學術期刊。主要報道農業生態學、生態經濟學、生態學及資源與環境保護等領域創新性研究成果。主要刊登土壤、施肥與植物營養、水資源及其高效利用、作物水分生理生態、農業高效栽培技術與機理、作物抗性生理生態、抗性育種、病蟲害防治、生物多樣性保護、資源優化配置及其效益分析、農業生態工程技術、無公害農產品生產技術、農業環境污染防治及農業可持續發展等方面的研究報告、研究簡報及綜述,以及生態農業建設和生態農業示范區建設典型模式與典型經驗等。適于國內外從事農業生態學、生態經濟學及環境保護等領域的科技人員、高等院校有關專業師生、農業及環境管理工作者及基層從事生態農業建設的技術人員閱讀和投稿。
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    中國生態農業學報 >2022年第2期

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    • 摘要：Three fertilizer application treatments (chemical fertilizer, half chemical fertilizer and biogas manure, and biogas plus cake manure) were adopted under equal N, P (P2O5) and K (K2O) rates to study the effects of biogas manure on yield of eggplant and structure of arthropod community in eggplant fields.The results showed that the number of pest species under combined application of biogas and cake manure was 3.67±0.88 in 4 m2 in eggplant field, significantly less than that under application of chemical fertilizer or half chemical fertilizer and biogas manure.Pest species number under application of half chemical fertilizer and biogas manure was also significantly less than that under chemical fertilizer application.The individual number of pests and target pests Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius) under combined application of biogas and cake manure was 64.67±4.06, 31.67±0.56 and 8.00±0.15 in 4 m2, respectively.This was significantly less than that under chemical fertilizer application,but not significantly different from that under half chemical fertilizer and biogas manure application.The individual number of spiders and dominant nature enemy Aranea ventricocus (Koch) under combined application of biogas and cake manure was 12.67±1.76 and 7.67±0.67 in 4 m2, respectively, significantly greater than that under chemical fertilizer application, but not significantly different from that under half chemical fertilizer and biogas manure application.Under combined application of biogas and cake manure, arthropod community diversity index was 1.68±0.04 and evenness index was 0.53±0.003.This was significantly higher than those under applications of chemical fertilizer, and half chemical and biogas manure.The dominant concentration of arthropod community under combined application of biogas and cake manure was 0.33±0.02, also significantly less than that under chemical fertilizer application, but not significantly different form that under half chemical fertilizer and biogas manure application.In terms of arthropod community stability, Ss/Si index was 0.112 5±0.001 1 under combined application of biogas and cake manure, significantly higher than that under chemical fertilizer application, but not significantly different from that under half chemical fertilizer and biogas manure application.Sn/Sp index under combined application of biogas and cake manure was 1.650 0±0.005 5, which significantly exceeded that under applications of chemical fertilizer, and half chemical fertilizer and biogas manure.Eggplant yield under the three fertilizer application treatments was not significantly different.%在等氮、等磷、等鉀施肥條件下,對茄子田分別施用化肥、沼肥加化肥減半、沼肥加餅肥,研究施用沼肥對茄田節肢動物群落結構及茄子產量的影響.結果表明:在節肢動物種類與數量上,沼肥加餅肥處理茄子田的害蟲種類為3.67±0.88種·4m-2,顯著低于化肥處理和沼肥加化肥減半處理,且沼肥加化肥減半處理顯著低于化肥處理;害蟲個體數量為64.67±4.06頭·4m-2,目標害蟲桃蚜的數量為31.67±0.56頭·4m-2、二十八星瓢蟲個體數量為8.00±0.15頭·4m-2,顯著低于化肥處理,且與沼肥加化肥減半處理差異不顯著;蜘蛛類的個體數量為12.67±1.76頭·4m-2,優勢種天敵大腹園蛛的個體數量為7.67±0.67頭·4m-2,顯著高于化肥處理,且與沼肥加化肥減半處理差異不顯著.在節肢動物群落多樣性上,沼肥加餅肥處理茄子田的節肢動物群落多樣性指數為1.68±0.04,均勻度指數為0.53±0.003.顯著高于化肥處理和沼肥加化肥減半處理;優勢集中性指數為0.33±0.02,顯著低于化肥處理,且與沼肥加化肥減半處理差異不顯著.在節肢動物群落穩定性上,沼肥加餅肥處理Ss/Si指數為0.112 5±0.001 1,顯著高于化肥處理,且與沼肥加化肥減半處理差異不顯著;Sn/Sp指數為1.6500±0.005 5,顯著高于化肥處理和沼肥加化肥減半處理.沼肥加化肥減半、沼肥加餅肥處理的茄子產量與化肥處理相比無顯著差異.
    • 摘要：用配對樣本t檢驗對綠洲不同調虧灌溉下春小麥收獲時土壤C:N和C:P生態化學計量比年際間差異及土壤碳平衡進行了分析研究,結果表明:小麥收獲時不同調虧灌溉處理0～20 cm、20～40 cm和0～40 cm土層C:N 2008年比2007年分別顯著降低19.0%～37.3%、11.8%～27.9%和17.1%～32.8%,而C:P則顯著增加31.9%～62.4%、16.5%～79.1%和33.6%～68.8%.兩年試驗表明,拔節期輕、中度水分調虧,孕穗～抽穗期輕度調虧或豐水處理,而灌漿～生理成熟期中、重度調虧的處理RDI2和RDI5 C:N和C:P生態化學計量比高于其他處理.兩年試驗后,不同土層調虧灌溉處理及對照土壤有機碳均增高,其中0～20 cm土層增幅為1.31～2.35t(C)·hm-2,20～40 cm土層為2.00～4.58 t(C)·hm-2,0～40 cm土層為2.18～3.07 t(C)·hm-2.%Differences in soil C: N and C: P ratios at oasis spring wheat under regulated deficit irrigation were analyzed for two experimental years using Paired-Sample T-Test. Soil organic C balance was also analyzed which provided basic data for soil nutrient element transformation and cycling. The study was a proxy for further advances and expansion of ecological stoichiometric theory.Compared with 2007, results indicated that C: N ratio in the 0～20 cm, 20～40 cm and 0～40 cm soil layers at field of oasis spring wheat harvested in 2008 significantly dropped by 19.0％～37.3％, 11.8％～27.9％ and 17.1％～32.8％, respectively. Concurrently, C: P ratio significantly increased by 31.9％～62.4％, 16.5％～79.1％ and 33.6％～68.8％, respectively. Higher C: N and C: P ratios were observed under the treatments with light or medium water deficit in jointing stage, light or not water deficit in booting to heading stage, and medium or sever water deficit in filling to maturing stage. Furthermore, soil organic C content in different soil layers increased after two years of experimentation. It increased by 1.31～2.35 t(C) · hm-2 in the 0～20 cm layer, 2.00～4.58 t(C) · hm-2 in the 20～40 cm layer and by 2.18～3.07 t(C) · hm-2 in the 0～40 cm layer.
    • 摘要：Rice recombinant inbreed line population RILA7 (comprising 254 lines) was treated with high and natural (CK) temperatures at heading and flowering stage and the effect of high temperature on seed-setting rates evaluated. The results indicated that seed-setting rate of RIL47 followed a normal distribution curve under natural conditions. Compared with natural temperature, high temperature significantly decreased RIL47 seed-setting rate with an average decline of 81.6％. Absolute decline in RIL47 seed-setting rate followed a normal distribution curve. Five heat-tolerant lines (07H1619, 1590, 1521, 1706 and 1608) and three heat-sensitive lines (07H1751, 1710 and 1719) were simultaneously selected from the 254 RIL47 lines by using a heat-injure index. This could be used in analyzing heat resistance of rice.%以水稻重組自交系群體RILA7的254個株系為材料,在抽穗揚花期于逆境氣候鑒定室進行高溫處理,并設自然常溫對照,研究了高溫對RIL47群體結實率的影響.結果表明,自然條件下該群體結實率正常且呈正態分布;而高溫處理下RIL47群體結實率極顯著下降,平均降幅達81.6%,結實率下降絕對值符合正態分布.同時,以熱害指數為篩選指標,從RILA7中篩選出5個耐高溫株系(07H1619、1590、1521、1706、1608)和3個高溫敏感株系(07H1751、1710、1719),可用于水稻抗高溫相關研究.
    • 摘要：“Diaozhibai”, “Xiahui 5” and their hybrid F1 seedlings were used to study diurnal variations in heterosis of photosynthetic performance in autumn. While the results showed positive heterosis of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) at noon and water use efficiency (WUE) for all day, that of transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (Gs) was negative for all day. Positive correlations existed between Pn and Gs, and between Tr and Gs for hybrid F1, and the correlation between Pn and Tr was significantly positive at P＜0.05. The correlation between Pn and Tr, Gs and Pn as well as Gs and WUE was significant at P＜0.05 for parents. Grey correlation analysis indicated that atmospheric CO2 concentration (Ca) was the main factor influencing the rate of heterosis of Pn, Tr and WUE.%以桃品種"吊枝白"和"霞暉5號"及其雜交F1代種苗為試驗材料,研究了桃在秋季的光合性能雜種優勢日變化特征.結果表明:凈光合速率(Pn)午間表現正向雜種優勢,蒸騰速率(Tr)和氣孔導度(Gs)金天基本表現負向雜種優勢,而水分利用效率(WUE)則全天基本表現正向雜種優勢.相關性分析表明,雜交F1代種苗的Pn與Tr、Pn與Gs、Tr與Gs均呈正相關,其中Pn與Tr之間相關性達顯著水平(P<0.05);親本的Pn與Tr之間呈顯著正相關(P<0.05),Gs與Pn、WUE之間呈顯著正相關(P<0.05).灰色關聯度分析表明,影響Pn,Tr和WUE雜種優勢率的主要因素均為大氣CO2濃度(Ca).
    • 摘要：對干旱-復水條件下酸棗幼苗相對含水量(RWC)、組織含水量、耗水量、保護酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性、細胞膜相對透性,蒸騰速率(Tr)、光合速率(Pn)、氣孔導度(Gs)進行測定,研究干旱-復水對酸棗幼苗的生理影響.試驗設4個處理,分別是1次(Ⅰ)、2次(Ⅱ)和3次(Ⅲ)干旱-復水周期和對照(CK).結果表明:復水后,酸棗幼苗的RWC隨時間推移呈先下降后穩定的變化趨勢,且在復水后第3 d及以后RWC隨干旱-復水次數的增加而升高;耗水量在復水當天達最高值,組織含水量在大量耗水后(復水次日)出現最低值;復水次日酸棗幼苗的保護酶隨干旱-復水次數的增加而升高,而保護酶活性較低的處理細胞膜相對透性較高,表明細胞膜受傷害較嚴重;經1次干旱-復水處理的酸棗幼苗在復水當天的Tr、Pn、Gs均為最低.試驗證明酸棗幼苗能在反復的干旱-復水中建立對干旱逆境的抵御,并且經多次干旱-復水處理的酸棗幼苗能在再一次復水后迅速恢復蒸騰和光合以減少干旱脅迫對自身的傷害.%Seedlings relative water content (RWC), tissue water content, water consumption rate, protective enzyme (SOD, POD and CAT) activity, relative membrane permeability, transpiration rate (Tr), photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs) were analyzed to study the effects of water stress and re-watering on wild jujube. Four treatments, including one circle ( Ⅰ ), two circles ( Ⅱ ) and three circles (Ⅲ) water stress/re-watering treatments, and a normal watering (CK) treatment were designed in the experiment. Based on the results, RWC initially decreased, and then stabilized after re-watering. Generally, RWC increased with increasing water stress/re-watering circle after the third day of re-watering. While water consumption rate was highest on the day of re-watering after water stress, tissue water content was lowest on the second day of re-watering. On the second day after re-watering,protective enzyme activities in wild jujube seedlings increased with increasing water stress/re-watering circle. Relative membrane permeability was higher under treatments with lower protective enzyme activity, indicating serious damage of seedling cell membranes. Wild jujube seedling Tr, Pn and Gs after one water stress/re-watering circle were lowest on the day of re-watering. The experiment further showed that wild jujube seedlings became drought resistant after several water stress/re-watering circles. After two or three water stress/re-watering circles, transpiration and photosynthesis in wild jujube seedlings were recovered and drought damage was decreased.
    • 摘要：以"Tx623A"×"89-363"(Sb1,耐鹽性較弱)和"黑30A"×"大粒早"(Sb2,耐鹽性較強)2個高粱雜交組合為試驗材料,利用100 mmol·L-1 NaCl溶液對種子進行引發處理.采用營養液沙培試驗,設4個NaCl濃度(0、50 mmol·L-1、100 mmol·L-1和150 mmol·L-1)模擬鹽脅迫,研究種子引發處理對鹽脅迫下高粱種子萌發及幼苗生長的影響.結果表明:隨著鹽脅迫強度增加,無論經引發處理還是未經引發處理2個高粱雜交組合種子的出苗時間均明顯延遲,出苗率和成苗率下降,幼苗生長受到抑制,物質積累減少.同等鹽脅迫強度下,引發處理與未引發處理相比,種子出苗時間縮短,出苗率和成苗率提高,幼苗地上部分干、鮮重和地下部分干、鮮重增加,光合色素含量升高,Na+/K+值顯著降低.由此得出,種子引發處理可以不同程度地促進鹽脅迫下高粱種子萌發,減輕鹽脅迫對幼苗的傷害,促進幼苗生長,提高耐鹽性;耐鹽性不同的品種引發效果存在差異,對耐鹽性較弱的品種引發效果更好.%Seeds of 2 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) hybrid combinations of “Tx623A” × “89-363” (Sb 1, a weak salt-tolerant cross combination) and “Hei30A” × “Dalizao” (Sb2, a strong salt-tolerant cross combination) were primed with 100 mmol · L-1 NaCl. The primed seeds were subjected to salt stresses of 4 NaCl concentrations (0, 50 mmol · L-1, 100 mmol · L-1 and 150 mmol · L-1) in a sand culture experiment. The effects of the seed priming and salt stress on seed gemination and seedling growth under salt stress were then investigated. The results showed that with or without priming, seed emergence was significantly delayed. The rates of seed emergence and seedling survival also dropped significantly, while the seedling growth was inhibited, matter accumulation dropped with increased NaCl concentration. Compared with unprimed seeds under the same NaCl concentration, primed seeds had shorter emergence time, higher rates of emergence and seedling survival, higher dry/fresh shoot and root weight, higher contents of photosynthetic pigments, and lower Na+/K+ ratio. The results suggested that seed priming promoted sorghum seed germination under salt stress, alleviated seedling damage by salt stress, accelerated seedling growth and increased seedling salt tolerance. Different effects were noted for cross combinations with different salt tolerance. The effects were much better for weaker salt-tolerant cross combinations.
    • 摘要：Resources-saving farming system, an resources-saving and high-efficiency farming practice, offers an effective solution to resource shortage problems in China's agricultural sector. To evaluate the state of agricultural resources and resource-saving pressures in main farming zones in China, agricultural water, arable land and chemical fertilizer were advanced as research objects. The pressure indices of water-saving, land-saving and fertilizer-saving were also calculated using resources quantities, consumption rates, and grain yield in different farming zones. Furthermore, the comprehensive resource-saving pressure index and its spatial distributions in different farming zones were analyzed. The results indicated that resource-saving pressure of farming system in most farming zones in China were moderate to low. The pressure indices for East and South China were higher than those for West and North China. North China suffered from water shortages, while South China had acute shortage of arable lands. East China suffered from over-use of chemical fertilizers. Specifically, the most important areas of water-saving were the Northeast China, Huanghuaihai Area, Northwest China, and the lower and middle plateau regions. Area requiring urgent land-saving located in Southeast China, including the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River, Jiang-nan Area and South China. In contrast, Sichuan Basin, South China and Jiang-nan Area should focus more on fertilizer saving.%資源節約型農作制是進行農業資源節約.高效利用的農作制度,將成為我國農業生產中突破資源短缺這一發展瓶頸的有效手段.為明確我國主要農作區的資源特點和節約壓力,選擇農業水、耕地、化肥3種資源為主要研究對象,根據目前各農作區3種資源的數量,消耗率.糧食產量水平等指標,初步計算了各區節水壓力、節地壓力與節肥壓力,并據此初步推導出各區資源節約農作制的綜合壓力指數,研究了資源節約農作制壓力的空間分布.結果顯示:我國絕大多數農作區資源節約型農作制壓力處于中度以下,東部各農作區大于西部各農作區,南方各農作區大于北方各農作區;節水重點區主要是北方的東北區、黃淮海區、西北區和北部低中高原區,節地重點區主要是東南部的長江中下游地區,江南地區和華南區,節肥重點區主要是四川盆地、華南區和江南區.
    • 摘要：In a paddy rice field experiment with different crop rotation systems and nitrogen application rates, surface water nitrogen content, nitrogen lose via runoff, soil fertility and rice yield were determined. Based on the experiment, chemical nitrogen fertilizer application during rice season in alfalfa-rice or rye-rice rotation systems can be reduced, and not in wheat-rice rotation system in Yixing, Jiangsu Province. Alfalfa-rice and rye-rice rotation systems enhanced soil nitrogen content, promoted rice nitrogen absorption and significantly improved rice yield. Because there was no nitrogen fertilization in winter, nitrogen loss via field water runoff into natural water bodies dropped during this period. The increase of organic fertilizer ratio under the same nitrogen application did also dropped total nitrogen in surface water. The green manure, especially alfalfa, was not only low cost but also effectively replaced chemical nitrogen fertilizers, which resulted in lowered cost of rice production. Replacing traditional wheat-rice with alfalfa-rice rotation system and reducing 120 kg · hm-2 of nitrogen application during rice season resulted in economic benefits and yield increase and environmental sustainability in Yixing, Jiangsu Province.%通過設置不同輪作制度及施氮量,研究其對稻季的田面水氮素含量,氮素徑流損失、產量及土壤養分的影響,結果表明:在江蘇宜興地區,冬季種植紫云英或黑麥草替代小麥種植,從而減少稻季化學氮肥的施用是可行的.紫云英或黑麥草參與輪作還田,提高了土壤的供氮水平,促進了水稻對氮素的吸收利用,產量顯著提高,且冬季種植無需施用氮肥,減少了冬季旱地土壤的氮素損失,降低了環境負荷;在總施氮量相等的情況下,提高肥料中有機肥比例可以降低稻田田面水中的總氮含量,降低了因田面水外排導致的氮素徑流損失,且綠肥種植成本低,尤其是紫云英對無機氮肥的替代性強,可以有效降低稻季的施肥成本.在江蘇宜興地區,如適當地將傳統的小麥-水稻輪作制度改為紫云英-水稻輪作制度,并在稻季減少120kg·hm-2的純氮投入,則可兼顧經濟效益、產量效益和環境效益.
    • 摘要：在渭北果區選擇不同園齡(<10年、10～20年、>20年)果園,分層測定0～60 cm土層土壤容重、土壤堅實度、土壤含水量以及表層土壤團聚體組成等物理性狀,進一步分析了果園土壤物理性狀隨園齡的變化特征.結果表明:土壤容重在0～30 cm土層隨園齡增長而降低;在30 cm以下土層隨園齡增長而增加,超過了健康園藝土壤的質量標準1.30 g·cm-3;與休閑農田相比,種植果樹可降低10～30 cm土層土壤容重;但30 cm以下土層土壤堅實度急劇增大,接近或達到了限制根系延伸的土壤質量標準1 000 kPa;與休閑農田相比,種植果樹對于降低17.5～27.5 cm土層的堅實度具有明顯作用.果園表層土壤團聚體狀況整體較差,水穩性優勢團聚體直徑為0.5～0.25 mm,>0.25 mm水穩性團聚體含量隨園齡增加而增大,>20年果園比<10年果園高1倍.種植果樹對表層土壤具有明顯的保護和改善作用,卻在深層發生著緊實化和堅硬化過程.果樹對土壤物理狀況的雙重效應體現在對0～30 cm土層土壤結構具有改善作用,對30 cm以下土層土壤結構有破壞作用.果園土壤"深層的隱蔽性退化過程"影響著果樹根系健康生長,應當給予極大關注.%Soil bulk density, hardness, moisture and surface soil aggregation composition were measured in ＜10-, 10～20- and ＞20-year-old orchards in Weibei Region. The results showed that soil bulk density in the 0～30 cm soil layer decreased with increasing orchard age. However, bulk density below the 30 cm layer increased with increasing orchard age, exceeding the 1.30 g·cm-3 upper limit for healthy garden soils. Soil bulk density in the 10～30 cm soil layer was lower in orchards than in croplands. Soil hardness increased sharply below the 30 cm soil layer, almost reaching the 1 000 kPa upper limit of soil quality standard for healthy root growth. Soil hardness in the 17.5～27.5 cm soil layer is lower in orchards than in croplands. Soil aggregation status was poor in surface soil of orchards. Most water-stable aggregates in the orchard soils were in 0.5～0.25 mm range class. Contents of water-stable soil aggregates ＞0.25 mm increased with increasing age of orchards. Water-stable soil aggregates contents in 20-year-old orchards were two times higher than those in 10-year-old orchards. Fruit trees have a dual effect on soil physical characteristics. Soil physical conditions was generally improved in topsoil (0～30 cm), but worsen in subsoil (＜30 cm) with increasing orchard age. As latent degradation of subsoil in orchards affected the healthy growth of fruit trees, any such degradation should be carefully monitored.
    • 摘要：為了明確紫莖澤蘭葉片凋落物對入侵地草本植物的化感作用,研究了不同濃度紫莖澤蘭葉片凋落物水提液對入侵地草本植物多年生黑麥草、白三葉,辣子草和紫花苜蓿種子萌發和幼苗生長的影響,同時結合土培試驗研究了葉片凋落物在入侵地土壤中的化感作用.結果表明,除多年生黑麥草外,水提液對其他3種草本植物種子萌發均產生了顯著的化感抑制作用,且水提液的濃度越高抑制效果越強;低濃度水提液對紫花苜蓿和辣子草的幼苗生長存在顯著化感促進作用,高濃度的水提液對除多年生黑麥草外的其他3種植物幼苗的生長存在顯著化感抑制作用,水提液對多年生黑麥草幼苗生長的影響不顯著;土壤中按照50g·kg-1的比例添加葉片凋落物后,顯著抑制了白三葉的生長,而添加活性炭后,白三葉的單株生物量相對于未添加活性炭的處理增加71.25%,進一步證實葉片凋落物在土壤中的化感抑制作用.這說明外來入侵植物紫莖澤蘭可能通過其葉片凋落物在入侵地土壤中降解,釋放化感物質,抑制伴生植物的種子萌發和幼苗生長,為自身創造有利的生長環境,實現其成功入侵和擴張.%The effects of different concentrations of water extracts of A. adenophora leaf litter on the germination and seedling growth of Lolium perenne, Trifoliurn repens, Galinsoga parvifiora and Medicago sativa were determined via laboratory bioassay. The objective of the study was to elucidate allelopathic effects of A. adenophora leaf litter on herbaceous plant in invaded regions. Meanwhile, allelopathic effects ofA. adenophora leaf litter on the invaded soil were examined via pot experiments. Results showed that with the exception of L. perenne, there existed significant allelopathic inhibition effects of the water extracts on herbaceous plant seed germination. Inhibition effect increased with increasing concentration of water extract. For the growth of G parvifiora and M. sativa seedling, a significant promotion effect was noted at low water extract concentration. However, herbaceous plant seedling growth (except for L. perenne) was significantly inhibited at high water extract concentration. The effect of water extracts on L. perenne seedling growth was insignificant. Furthermore, pot experiments showed that T. repens seedling growth was significantly inhibited by 50 g · kg-1 leaf litter. T. repens biomass, however, increased by 71.25％ with the addition of active carbon (AC). This further testified an obvious alteiopathic inhibition effect of leaf litter on herbaceous plant in invaded soils. By leaf litter decomposition and releasing allelochemicals into soils, A. adenophora inhibited seed germination and seedling growth of accompanying plants, created a favorable environment for invasion and expansion.
    • 摘要：A 4×2 (Cu×VA) random experiment was designed to investigate the effect of different dietary levels of Cu (0 mg· kg-1, 8 mg · kg-1, 150 mg · kg-1, 225 mg · kg-1) and VA (1 500 IU · kg-1, 5 000 IU · kg-1) on broiler immune system at 0～4 and 5～7 week-old.The results showed significant effects (P＜0.05, P＜0.01) of Cu at 8 mg · kg-1 on percentage of activated T-lymphocytes in spleen and serum antibody titers of 0～4 week-old broilers. At the same Cu level, percentage of activated T-lymphocytes in spleen, thymus and cecal tonsil, and percentage of activated B/T-lymphocytes in peripheral blood significantly increased (P＜0.05, P＜0.01) in 5～7 week-old broilers. Percentage of activated B/T-lymphocytes decreased at different degrees under high Cu levels of 150～225 mg · kg-1 feed. At VA supplemental level of 5 000 IU · kg-1 feed, percentage of activated T-lymphocytes in peripheral blood also significantly increased (P＜0.05) for the 0～4 week-old broilers, while percentage of activated T-lymphocytes in spleen, cecal tonsil and serum antibody titers significantly increased (P＜0.05, P＜0.01) for the 5～7 week-Id broilers. Percentage of activated B/T-lymphocytes and serum antibody titers were not significantly affected by Cu/VA interaction for 0～4 week-old broilers. However, percentage of activated T-lymphocytes of cecal tonsil, thymus and peripheral blood significantly increased (P＜0.05) for 5～7 week-old broilers, especially under Cu (8 mg · kg-1) × VA(5 000 IU · kg-1) interaction. Cu/VAinteraction had a significant effect on the function of broiler immune system.%采用4×2(銅×維生素A)完全隨機試驗設計,研究了日糧添加不同水平的銅(0 mg·kg-1、8 mg·kg-1、150 mg·kg-1、225 mg·kg-1)和維生素A(1 500 IU·kg-1、5 000 IU·kg-1)對肉仔雞不同生長階段(O～4周齡和5～7周齡)免疫功能的影響.結果表明:添加銅為8 mg·kg-1時,肉雞生長前期(0-4周齡)可顯著(P<0.05)或極顯著(P<0.01)提高肉雞脾臟活化T淋巴細胞百分率和血清抗體效價,生長后期(5-7周齡)可極顯著(P<0.01)或顯著(P<0.05)提高脾臟、胸腺、盲腸扁桃體活化T淋巴細胞百分率和外周血液中活化T、B淋巴細胞百分率;整個試驗期添加高銅(150 mg·kg-1、225 mg·kg-1)時,活化T、B淋巴細胞百分率均不同程度下降.添加維生素A 5 000 IU·kg-1時,肉雞生長前期可顯著(P<0.05)提高其外周血液中活化T淋巴細胞百分率,生長后期可極顯著(P<0.01)或顯著(P<0.05)提高脾臟、盲腸扁桃體活化T淋巴細胞百分率和血清抗體效價.銅和維生素A互作效應對肉雞生長前期的活化T、B淋巴細胞百分率和血清抗體效價影響不顯著,對生長后期的外周血液、胸腺、盲腸扁桃體活化T淋巴細胞百分率影響顯著(P<0.05),以8 mg·kg-1銅×5 000 IU·kg-1維生素A處理最高;以上結果提示銅和維生素A對肉雞免疫功能的影響存在互作效應.
    • 摘要：室內采用正交試驗設計進行 4 因素多水平試驗,研究了溫度、城市污泥和麥麩配比、飼養密度、幼蟲體重對黃粉蟲幼蟲生長速度、死亡率以及幼蟲重金屬含量變化的影響,探討黃粉蟲幼蟲在城市污泥中的生長狀況和對城市污泥重金屬的積累作用.結果表明:隨著溫度的升高,幼蟲生長率和死亡率都呈上升趨勢,飼養密度、污泥和麥麩配比對黃粉蟲幼蟲生長率、死亡率無顯著影響;15℃、密度為O.2 g·cm-2、污泥/麩皮為1:2、幼蟲體重為85.4±5.9 mg時,幼蟲對Cu、Se、Hg的積累作用較顯著;15℃、密度為0.4 g·cm-2、污泥/麩皮為1:0、幼蟲體重為85.4±5.9mg時,黃粉蟲幼蟲對Cd的積累能力顯著;20℃、密度為0.4 g·cm-2、污泥/麩皮為1:0、幼蟲體重為34.9±4.9mg時,Zn的積累系數較大;黃粉蟲幼蟲對Cu、Cd、Se、Hg和Zn等重金屬元素有很強的積累作用.%By using an orthogonal design, the effects of four breeding factors (temperature, larva breeding density, municipal sewage sludge to wheat-bran ratio, and larva average weight) on the growth rate, mortality and heavy metal accumulation in T.molitor larva bred on sewage sludge were investigated.The results showed that larva growth rate and mortality increased with increasing breeding temperature.However, larva growth rate and mortality were not obviously affected by breeding density, and municipal sewage sludge to wheat-bran ratio.Optimal breeding conditions for larva bioaccumulation of Cu, Se and Hg were 15 ℃,0.2 g ·cm-2, sewage sludge to wheat-bran ratio of 1∶2, and larva average weight of 85.4±5.9 mg.Those for larva bioaccumulation of Cd were 15 ℃, 0.4 g·cm-2, sewage sludge to wheat-bran ratio of 1: 0, and larva average weight of 85.4±5.9 mg.Optimal larva bioaccumulation of Zn occurs under the breeding conditions of 20 ℃, 0.4 g ·cm-2, sewage sludge to wheat-bran ratio of 1∶ 0, and larva average weight of 34.9±4.9 mg.Obvious symptoms of Cu, Cd, Se, Hg and Zn bioaccumulation were noted in T.molitor larva fed with sewage sludge.
    • 摘要：Water footprint based on virtual water is a comprehensive index and gives a true reflection of the share of human consumption. It effectively measures human consumption of water resources. This paper investigated virtual water consumption structure by using water footprint, and estimated water efficiency through calculations of hydrology water scarcity index, social water scarcity index and water intensive use degree in cities and rural areas of Xinjiang from 1995 to 2007. The results indicated a 45.4％ increase in total water footprint, rising from 108.95×108 m3 in 1995 to 158.40×108 m3 in 2007. The average diversity index of virtual water consumption in cities exceeded that in rural areas by 0.69 suggesting more reasonable virtual water consumption structure in cities.The increasing diversity index of consumption across different social groups indicated gradual diversification of citizen's consumables and improvement in diet structure. There was an increase in water intensive use degree from 7.58 in 1995 to 22.22 in 2007. It indicated marked improvements in the development of water efficiency.%水足跡模型是評估人類消費結構對水資源影響的有效方法.結合1995～2007年的統計資料,運用水足跡模型,對新疆城鄉居民虛擬水消費結構進行綜合評價,并引入水文和社會水資源稀缺度、集約利用度等指標,考察城鄉居民用水效率.結果表明:1995～2007年間新疆全社會總水資源足跡呈現上升趨勢,從1995年的108.95×l0m3上升到2007年的158.40×10~8m3,增幅達45.4%;城鎮居民虛擬水消費結構多樣性指數平均值比農村居民高0.69,說明城鎮居民的虛擬水消費結構更加合理;不同社會群體的消費多樣性指數呈上升趨勢,表明居民消費品分布逐步分散化,飲食結構單一化在逐步改善;水資源集約利用度從1995年的7.58上升到2007年的22.22,水資源利用效率有較明顯提高.
    • 摘要：中國現代革命的發展歷程可以明顯分為3個階段:第1階段是"紅色革命",從1921年中國共產黨成立到1949年中華人民共和國成立;第2階段是以發展工業革命為代表的"黑色革命",從1949年新中國成立開始到2000年中國基本進入小康初級階段;第3階段是2000～2010年建設資源節約型和環境友好型社會的"綠色革命".中國在不到100年內實現了從"紅色革命"到"黑色革命"再到"綠色革命"的三大跨越.中國未來必須走以清潔能源和再生能源、綠色制造和綠色農業為主的低碳經濟發展的"綠色革命"之路,才能保障生態環境改善和食品安全并可持續發展.%The history of Chinese modern revolution can be grouped into three periods as follows: the red revolution period (from the founding of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 to that of the People's Republic of China in 1949), the black revolution period (from start of industrial revolution in 1949 to the initial stage of a well-off society in 2000), and the green revolution period (from 2000 to 2010 aimed at developing a resource-saving and environment-friendly society). China has therefore accomplished a tri-giant leap from the red revolution to the black revolution, and then to the green revolution in the space of just one century. In the future,China must embark on green revolution, develop clean and renewable energy, green manufacturing and agricultural production, and low carbon economy. These measures would not only reduce pollution, but also improve the environment, ensure food safety and sustainable development in the country.
    • 摘要："可視化管理"(VM)是一種現代化的企業管理方法,本研究中首次將其應用于雙山基地機械化作業管理.本文基于大型拖拉機作業特點,重點討論了實施精準農業中的可視化管理方法.首先介紹了可視化管理的功能,并對雙山基地的精準農業可視化管理平臺構成進行了簡要說明.該平臺的核心功能是提供了衛星與航空遙感、近地面視頻監測、土壤測定、小型氣象站等手段及時獲取作物長勢、肥力、水分、病蟲害、草害、成熟度以及天氣等信息,采用可視化管理方法支持施肥與其他田間管理的決策;同時建設了綜合性農業數據庫,研發了可視化機械作業進程管理與計劃自動編制軟件.該平臺集成了3S、視頻監測、互聯網等軟件技術.已經完成的演示系統曾經在2010年舉辦的"現代農業發展與國家糧食安全暨東北農業現代化高峰論壇"上展示介紹,獲得了到會農業專家與領導的好評.%Visual Management (VM), an modern enterprise management method, was used for the first time to manage mechanized production in precision farming at Shuangshan Base. This paper discussed the use of MV in precision farming system with large tractors production. The paper first introduced the generalization functions of VM, and then illustrated the composition of VM platform in precision farming at Shuangshan Base. The core functions of VM platform in precision farming included monitoring of crop/grass growth and maturity, detection of soil fertility, moisture and insect pest, by video frequency of ground surface and remote sensing (satellites & aeria), and mini-weather station, etc. In precision farming, VM platform adequately supported fertilifation and other field management decisions. This platform integrated high techniques such as GPS, GIS, RS, VISS, Intemet and lntranet, with comprehensive agro-database. This enhanced the realization of visual process control and automated planning of mechanized farm production. The demonstration system platform was demonstrated to agricultural experts/officers in the 2010 Summit Forum for Developing Modem Agriculture in Northeast China, favorable comments were raised from them.
    • 摘要：通過水培試驗研究了"兩優培九"及其親本在不同氮素水平下的生物學特性及生理指標.結果表明,"兩優培九"及其親本各生物學性狀在不同氮素水平下存在顯著差異,且均受氮素水平,品種及品種和氮素水平互作的影響,表現為品種因素>氮素水平因素>兩因素互作;各生物學性狀中除最長根長外,均隨著氮素水平的上升而增加;地上部和根系的干重、氮素積累量、葉綠素含量、光合速率均隨氮素水平的上升而增加;在各氮素處理中,"兩優培九"的株高,根系體積、干重、氮素積累量、葉綠素含量和光合速率均處于最高水平,表現出明顯的超親優勢;隨著氮素水平的提高,水稻植株吸氮量相應增加,但植株體內的氮素利用率呈現下降趨勢;"兩優培九"及其親本的各項生理指標對氮素的響應趨勢基本一致,但地上部和地下部對氮素的響應在品種間呈現較大差異.%The biological characteristics and physiological indices of “Liangyoupeijiu” (“LYP9”) and its parents were studied in hydroponic experiments under different nitrogen levels.The results showed significant differences in biological characteristics of both “LYP9” and its parents under different levels of nitrogen supply.Biological response of “LYP9” and its parents affected by variety, nitrogen level and their interaction with the effects order of variety factor ＞ nitrogen level factor ＞ interaction of the two factors.With the exception of the maximum root length, the biological characteristics and physiological indices such as aboveground (shoot) and belowground (root) dry weight, nitrogen accumulation, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate increased with increasing nitrogen level.In the study, “LYP9” showed the highest level and significant transgressive heterosis in plant height, root volume, dry matter weight, nitrogen accumulation, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate.Whereas total nitrogen uptake increased, nitrogen use efficiency decreased with increasing nitrogen level.Physiological response to nitrogen nutrient of “LYP9” and the parents at seedling stage was similar.Intervarietal differences existed in the response of aboveground (shoot) and belowground (root) systems to nitrogen.
    • 摘要：我國西北黃土高原干旱半干旱區年降雨稀少和土壤水分周期性虧缺,導致人工草地生產力低下、水分利用效率低.本試驗在旱作條件下,將壟覆膜集雨措施應用于紫花苜蓿種植,研究了溝壟寬比和覆膜方式對2年齡苜蓿草地土壤水分動態及水分利用效率的影響.結果表明:壟覆膜集雨在集雨前期(4月中旬至6月上旬)顯著提高0～20 cm土層土壤含水量,在集雨中后期(6月中旬至9月下旬)顯著提高0～120 cm土層平均含水量,越冬期增加土壤水分入滲能力,提高20～120 cm土層平均含水量;且壟覆膜處理的集雨效率高于土壟處理.隨著生育時期的延伸,壟覆膜處理0～120 cm土壤平均貯水量呈先降后升的趨勢,土壟處理0～120 cm土壤平均貯水量呈由高到低的趨勢;在苜蓿生長后期壟覆膜處理的蓄墑能力顯著高于土壟處理.壟覆膜處理的平均水分利用效率為34.91 kg·mm-1·hm-2,為對照(平作,CK)的2.25倍,土壟處理的平均水分利用效率為28.47kg·mm-1·hm-2,為CK的1.83倍,壟覆膜相對土壟處理平均水分利用效率提高22.62%:壟覆膜處理以溝壟寬比為60 cm:60 cm和60 cm:75 cm的水分利用效率最高.%The productivity and water use efficiency of cultivated pastures are low in arid and semiarid areas of the Loess Plateau due to low annual rainfall and periodical deficit of soil moisture.In this study, the rainwater harvesting system via plastic film-covered ridge was applied in production of biennial Medicago sativa grassland in dryland.And the impact of ditch/ridge ratio and mulching patterns on the trends and use efficiency of soil moisture were determined.Results showed that rainwater harvesting by plastic film-covered ridge significantly improved soil moisture content in 0～20 cm soil at early stage of rainwater harvesting (from the middle ten-day of April to the first ten-day of June).It also greatly enhanced average soil moisture content in 0～120 cm soil at mid-late rainwater harvesting stage (from the middle ten-day of June to the last ten-day of September).During winter, rainwater harvesting via plastic film-covered ridge increased soil infiltration capacity and improved average soil moisture content in 20～120 cm soil.Further, the rainwater harvesting efficiency of plastic film-covered ridge was higher than that of compacted bare ridge.The moisture storage in 0～120 cm soil with rainwater harvesting via plastic film-covered ridge initially dropped, and then rose during the growth period of M.sativa.At late growth stage, soil moisture storage with rainwater harvesting via plastic film-covered ridge was evidently higher than that via compacted bare ridge.Average water use efficiency with plastic film-covered ridge was 34.91 kg · mm-1 · hm-2, which was 2.25 times that of CK (flat field without ridge and mulch).Average water use efficiency with compacted bare ridge was 28.47 kg · mm-1 · hm-2, which was 1.83 times that of CK.Average water use efficiency of plastic film-covered ridge increased by 22.62％ compared with that of compacted bare ridge, and the highest ones were in plastic film-covered ridges with 60 cm/60 cm and 60 cm/75 cm ditch/ridge ratios.
    • 摘要：為明確超級雜交水稻高產形成的分子機理,以超級雜交水稻"Ⅱ優航2號"為試驗材料,雜交水稻"汕優63"為對照,運用雙向電泳結合質譜技術,比較分析了籽粒灌漿過程中兩種不同"源"類型雜交水稻葉片蛋白的差異表達情況.結果顯示,兩種不同類型水稻葉片蛋白中共有22個蛋白點出現顯著差異表達,其中有20個蛋白功能得到鑒定.通過對差異蛋白功能及表達豐度的分析,相對于"汕優63","Ⅱ優航2號"在灌漿期光合代謝、抗逆反應、基因轉錄表達、細胞生長、能量代謝等生理活動過程中表現出較大優勢,是其葉片在籽粒灌漿期"源"優勢的主要體現.本研究從差異蛋白水平明確了航天超級雜交稻高產形成的"源"特征,豐富了籽粒灌漿的"源、庫、流"理論,為超級雜交水稻育種提供理論依據.%To further clarify molecular metabolism of high yield super-hybrid rice, this paper studied differential expression patterns of leaf proteins in super-hybrid combinations “Ⅱ Youhang No. 2” and hybrid combinations “Shanyou 63” during grain-filling. The proteomic approach, which was based on two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS) was used in the study.A total of 22 differentially expressed proteins (at a significant level) were noted, and 20 of which were eventually identified. Further analysis of relative functions and expression abundances showed advantages of “Ⅱ Youhang No. 2” in photosynthetic metabolism,defense, gene-transcript regulation, cell growth, energy metabolism, compared with “Xianyou 63”. The advantages maybe the internal agents of “source” property of “Ⅱ Youhang No. 2” leaf in grain-filling stage. The study revealed the source properties of high yield super-hybrid “Ⅱ Youhang No. 2” at differential proteomic levels. This, to some extent, enriched the source-sink-flow theory and provided a theoretical basis for super-hybrid rice breeding.
    • 摘要：A hydroponic experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different levels of potassium (0, 4.0 mmol · L-1, 8.0 mmol · L-1 and 16.0 mmol·L-1) on the physiological indices of different tomato cultivars [nematode-susceptible (HS), nematode-resistant (HR) and common (CK) cultivars]. Based on the results, the activities of SOD, POD and CAT, and the contents of total phenol and flavonoid increased significantly with increased potassium concentration within 0～8.0 mmol · L-1. On the other hand,MDA content decreased significantly with increased potassium concentration. However, the activities of SOD, POD and CAT, and flavonoid content dropped at potassium level of 16.0 mmol · L-1 for HR cultivar. Contrarily, MDA content increased if potassium level was 16.0 mmol · L-1 for HR cultivar. The activities of SOD, POD and CAT, along with the contents of total phenol and flavonoid for HR cultivar were higher and MDA content lower than for HS and CK cultivars. Test of significance of the degree of interaction between potassium and cultivar showed that the activities of protective enzymes under potassium application were higher for HR than for HS and CK cultivars.%采用水培試驗,研究了不同K水平(0、4.0 mmol·L-1、8.0 mmol·L-1、16.0 mmol·L-1)對易感線蟲品種"早熟2號"(HS)、抗線蟲品種"06h-42"(HR)、普通品種"中雜102"(CK)3個番茄品種抗逆生理指標的影響.結果表明,在0～8.0 mmol·L-1 K濃度范圍內,隨著K濃度的升高,番茄體內的SOD、POD、CAT活性及總酚和類黃酮含量顯著增加,MDA含量顯著下降,但過量的K(16.0mmol·L-1)則會降低HR體內的SOD、POD、CAT活性和類黃酮含量,增加其MDA含量.對于不同番茄品種而言,HR的SOD、POD、CAT活性及總酚和類黃酮含量顯著高于CK和HS,MDA含量顯著低于CK和HS.通過交互作用顯著性檢驗發現,K有利于番茄體內保護性酶活性的提高,在HR中較CK和HS更為顯著.
    • 摘要：Diurnal dynamics of photosynthesis under three rotation systems (potato-wheat-A. sinensis, A. sinensis-wheat-A. sinensis,and wheat-A. sinensis-A. sinensis rotation system over a three-year period) were monitored by using portable CI-310 Photosynthetic Gadget. Based on the results, diumal variations in A. sinensis Pn, Tr, Gs and Ci exhibited di-peak curves, with obvious midday (12:00) depressions. However, difference existed in the time and value of diurnal variation curve peaks and troughs for Pn, Tr, Gs and Ci. The diurnal tendencies of Pn, Ci and Gs suggested that the midday depression was caused by stomatal conditions. Wheat-A.sinensis-A. sinensis and A. sinensis-wheat-A. sinensis rotation systems significantly decreased leaf chlorophyll content in A. sinensis.Diurnal average values of Pn, Tr, Gs and Ci under potato-wheat-A, sinensis rotation system were significantly higher than those under wheat-A. sinensis-A. sinensis rotation system. Continuous cropping significantly decreased A. sinensis leaf chlorophyll content and Gs, Ci, Pn and Tr, which resulted in decreased Ao sinensis yield.%利用CI-310 便攜式光合作用系統,測定正茬(連作0年)、迎茬(隔年連作)、重茬(連作2年)3種種植方式下當歸葉片的光合參數,研究其日變化特征.結果表明:3種種植方式下當歸葉片凈光合速率(Pn)、蒸騰速率(Tr)、氣孔導度(Gs)和胞間CO2濃度(Ci)的日變化均呈"雙峰"曲線,12:00 時存在明顯"午休"現象,但不同茬口Pn、Tr、Gs和Ci高峰和低谷出現的時刻和值不同;根據Pn、Ci和Gs的變化方向,推測當歸葉片的光合"午休"受氣孔因素影響;重茬和迎茬極顯著(P<0.01)降低當歸葉片葉綠素含量;正茬種植方式下當歸葉片Pn、Gs、Ci和Tr的日均值均極顯著(P
    • 摘要：以禾本科植物群落為研究對象,研究了寧夏六盤山林地、銀川農耕地、暖泉農耕地、固原農耕地、鹽池沙地、靈武沙地6個采樣地點5種土壤類型(黑壚土、灌淤土、黃綿土、灰鈣土、風沙土)下AM真菌物種多樣性及其與土壤因子的關系.結果表明:5種土壤類型采樣點的植被根際土壤中共鑒定出5屬48種AM真菌,其中,無梗囊霉屬(Acaulospora)1種,巨孢囊霉屬(Gigaspora)3種,球囊霉屬(Glomus)37種,類球囊霉屬(Paraglomus)1種,盾巨孢囊霉屬(Scutellospora)6種,各采樣點土壤均以球囊霉屬為優勢屬.地球囊霉(Ggeosporum)和木薯球囊霉(G manihotis)是6個采樣地點中的優勢種.不同土壤類型各采樣點AM真菌各屬的頻度存在明顯差異,球囊霉屬在各點均有出現,頻度值最高.具有較高植被多樣性的暖泉樣點,AM真菌的種屬數量較多.土壤環境因子對AM真菌孢子密度的影響因所處土壤、植被類型不同而異.pH、全鹽、速效鉀、速效磷等土壤肥力因子,在PCA軸上能最大程度地解釋AM真菌孢子密度與土壤環境因子之間相互關系的大部分信息.寧夏不同土壤類型區域中AM真菌種類及分布一定程度上與該采樣點的植被類型、植物多樣性和土壤肥力特征相對應.%Rhizospheric soil samples were collected from 5 soil types (dark loessial soil, cumulated irrigated soil, cultivated loessial soil, sierozems and aeolian soil) in 6 sampling sites (Liupanshan Mountain forest land, Yinchuan farmland, Nuanquan farmland,Guyuan farmland, Yanchi desert and Lingwu desert) with gramineae vegetation communities.Then the relationship between Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) diversity and soil environmental factors was investigated.Based on spore morphological characteristics, a total of 5 genera and 48 species of AMF were found in five soil types.Specifically, there were 1 Acaulospora, 3 Gigaspora, 37 Glornus, 1 Paraglomus and 6 Scutellospora species.From the 6 sampling sites, Glomus was the most dominant genera and G geosporum and G manihotis were the most dominant species.Obviously differences were noted in AMF genus frquencies at each sampling site.Glomus was found at every site, its frequency was the highest.Nuanquan farmlands with high plant diversities had relatively high AMF species abundance and diversity.The effects of soil environmental factors on AMF spore density changed with soil and vegetation type.Based on axial principal analysis, total salt, pH, available potassium and available phosphorus mostly explained the relationship between AMF spore density and soil fertility.To a certain degree, the species and distribution of AMF corresponded with vegetation type, plant diversity and soil fertility at the various sampling sites.
    • 摘要：Global warming had provided both opportunities and challenges for further grain increase in Northeast China. Climate warming in particularly Northeast China had resulted in the extension of frost-free period, which had increased the productive potential and extended planting area of crops in the region. With climate warming and rapid development in modern agriculture, Northeast China had become a region with the most potential for additional increase in grain production. However, high frequencies of extreme climate (e.g., cold, flood, especially drought) associated with global warming have also threatened further grain increases in Northwest China. To efficiently resolve the problems of grain allocation, transportation, processing and transformation, and to enhance farmers' income, a number of grain security development strategies in Northeast China were advanced in this paper. The strategies included stable increases in gross grain output, well developed grain export mechanism, accelerated grain allocation, transportation, processing and transformation. As an important criterion, Northeast China should be transformed not only from a grain production to grain processing and transformation base, but also from a region driven by grain production to a region driven by agro-economy.%氣候變暖為東北地區糧食新增潛能帶來機遇與挑戰.東北地區氣溫升高,無霜期延長,作物生產潛力提高,作物栽培區域北移和擴大,糧食播種面積增加,加上東北地區現代農業高度發達,成為我國糧食新增潛力最大的地區.但極端天氣頻繁發生,部分地區有干旱趨勢,為東北糧食新增帶來不利影響.針對東北地區糧食外運困難,糧食加工轉化能力薄弱,農業增收困難等問題,提出東北地區糧食安全發展的戰略,即鞏固提高糧食總產,穩定發展糧食出口,加快糧食調運,快速發展糧食加工,促進糧食轉化,變糧食生產基地為糧食加工轉化基地,變糧食主產區為農業經濟發達地區.
    • 摘要：氣候變化在東北地區對農業生產和生態環境產生了重要影響.本文總結了東北地區農業生產和生態環境對氣候變化的響應,并從調整農業種植結構、采用農業節水技術措施、實施保護性耕作、采取水土保持措施、加強生態一經濟型防護林體系建設等方面分析東北地區對氣候變化所采取的應對措施及應對效果.在此基礎上,分析了未來氣候變化可能對東北地區農業生產和生態環境造成的影響,并針對這兩個重點領域從調整農業結構和種植制度、選育抗逆性強的品種、調整農業生產管理措施、加強水資源管理、加強生態建設、發展生態經濟、綜合調控水源和完善監測機制等方面提出了未來應對氣候變化的建議.%Because climate change has significantly influenced agriculture and the ecosystem, the response of agriculture and ecological environment to climate change in Northeast China were discussed in this paper.The paper also summarized adaptation mechanisms of agriculture and ecological environment to climate change.Adjustment of agricultural structure, adoption of water-saving agro-technology and conservative tillage practices, conservation of water and soil and construction of eco-economic forests were among the identified adaptation mechanisms.The potential future impacts of climate change were analyzed and related agricultural and ecological adaptation modes advanced.Such future adaptation modes included adjustments of agricultural structures and cropping systems, breeding of stress-resistant varieties, optimization of agricultural management, reinforcement of water resources management and eco-construction, development of eco-economy, and improvement of monitoring systems.
    • 摘要：The concentrations of major ions, salinity, total hardness, pH and electrical conductivity (EC) in domestic waters (cellar,well, spring, river, pool, tap waters) in rural areas of Lanzhou City were measured and compared with the background of Sanitary Standards for Drinking Water (GB5749-2006).Based on the results, domestic water salinity in rural areas of Lanzhou City was in the range of 0.14～2.72 g · L-l, with an average of 0.76±0.63 g · L-1.Significant differences were noted among the different domestic water types, with an order of decreasing salinity as follows: well water ＞ spring water ＞ pool water ＞ tap water ＞ river water ＞ cellar water.Average total hardness of the waters was 397.06±307.13 mg · L-1, with also a decreasing order as follows: well water ＞ river water ＞ tap water ＞ spring water ＞ cellar water ＞ pool water.With the exception of pool water, all the water samples had higher hardness than the background standards for drinking water.Ion concentrations, except potassium, were significant different in the water types.Well water had the highest ion concentration.Some well water samples had extreme concentrations of NO3--N, sulphate and chloride, far in excess of the background standards.But the average for all samples was lower than the standard.Significant differences (at P＜0.05) also existed in EC and pH among different water types.The following hydrochemical types were noted for different water types: HCO3-Cl-Ca-Mg for well water, HCO3-Cl-Ca for spring water, HCO3-Cl-SO4-Ca-Na for pool water, and HCO3-Ca-Mg for cellar, river and tap waters.%結合國家飲用水衛生標準(GB5749-2006),對蘭州市不同類型農村生活用水(水窖水,井水、泉水、河水、水庫水及自來水等)的主要陰陽離子,礦化度、總硬度、pH、電導率等指標進行了測定和分析.結果表明:各類水體礦化度為0.14～2.72 g·L-1,平均礦化度為0.76±0.63 g·L-1,不同水體存在顯著差異性,其大小順序為:井水>泉水>水庫水>自來水>河水>水窖水;各類水體平均總硬度為397.06±307.13 mg·L-1,除水庫水外,其余水體均有不同程度超標現象,其大小順序為:井水>河水>自來水>泉水>水窖水>水庫水;除鉀離子外,其余陰陽離子在不同類型水體中的含量均存在顯著差異性,井水中各離子含量高于其他類型水體;水體硝態氮、硫酸鹽及氯化物含量在部分井水水樣中有超標現象,但平均含量均低于國家標準限額;各類水體pH與電導率在0.05水平上存在顯著差異性;水窖水、河流水及自來水水體的水化學類型以HCO3-Ca-Mg型為主,井水以HCO3-Cl-Ca-Mg型為主,泉水以HCO3-Cl-Ca型為主,水庫水以HCO3-Cl-SO4-Ca-Na型為主.
    • 摘要：以易感黑斑病甘薯品種"徐薯 18"為試驗材料,分別接種分離自石榴、甘薯和芋頭的甘薯長喙殼(Ceratocystis fimbriata),研究其保護酶活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量變化.結果顯示,非親和性菌株[分離自石榴的甘薯長喙殼(CQS2)和分離自芋頭的甘薯長喙殼(YP1)]和親和性菌株[分離自甘薯的甘薯長喙殼(sP1)]接種的甘薯塊根苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、過氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和過氧化氫酶(CAT)活性,與對照處理相比均有升高,且接種CQS2和YP1的處理始終高于接種SP1的處理;非親和性菌株和親和性菌株接種的甘薯塊根MDA含量均呈先上升后下降趨勢,且接種CQS2和YP1的處理在接種25 h時MDA含量明顯高于接種SP1的處理,接種SP1的處理在接種后期(50 h)的MDA含量降至與對照相當水平.由此表明:不同寄主的甘薯長喙殼侵染甘薯塊根后,非親和性接種菌株(CQS2和YP1)比親和性接種菌株(sP1)能增強POD、SOD和CAT酶活性及誘導較多的MDA,從而增強病原菌侵染的抗性.%Three strains of Ceratocystis fimbriata isolated from sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), pomegranate (Punica granatum) and taro (Colocasia esculenta) were respectively inoculated on sweet potato to study the changes of protective enzyme activity and MDA content.Results showed that the activities of sweet potato PAL, POD, SOD and CAT increased after infection with both incompatible (taro strain, pomegranate strain) and compatible (sweet potato strain) strains.The effect was more significant for incompatible strains than compatible strains.When once infected by three trains, sweet potato MDA content increased first and then decreased.MDA content was higher at 25 h after infected incompatible strains than compatible strains.At late stage inoculation (50 h),sweet potato MDA content infected compatible strains dropped to lower levels close to control.Compared with compatible strains,incompatible strains improved POD, SOD and CAT activity and increased MDA content, which enhanced resistance against C.fimbriata infection.
    • 摘要：The Three Gorges Reservoir is one of the most important water resources in China.Understanding the degree of soil contamination in the water-level fluctuation zone is critical for water/soil conservation in the region.A total of 68 soil samples were collected at 12 sites in the reservoir region and analyzed before the water level rose to 175 m above mean sea level.The degrees of Cu, Ph, Zn, Cd, Hg, As and Cr contamination were determined via the geo-accumulation index (lgeo) method.The study showed that soils in the reservoir region were severely contaminated with As, Cd and Hg.While there was no Cr contamination in the reservoir region; Pb, Cu and Zn contamination was not significant in about 70％ of the region.Further Factor Analysis on sources of heavy metals revealed that Cr, Pb, Cu and Zn contamination in the water-level fluctuation zone were caused by natural factors, and that of Hg, As and Cd by industrial factors.The findings of sources and the evaluation of surface soil heavy metal contamination were critical for sustainable environmental management in especially the water-level fluctuation zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir.%三峽庫區是我國重要的水源地,研究庫區水陸交錯帶消落區內土壤重金屬污染程度并解析其來源,對水庫的水環境和土壤環境具有重要意義.本研究采用地質累積指數,對三峽庫區消落區175 m水位蓄水前12個采樣區表層68個土樣的土壤重金屬Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As和cr污染進行評價,結果表明:整個研究區不受cr污染,研究區70%以上面積不受Pb、Cu和Zn污染;研究區As污染最嚴重,其次為Cd和Hg.利用因子分析法對這7種重金屬來源進行解析的結果表明,庫區消落區土壤重金屬源可分為2大類別:"自然因子"類別元素(Cr、Pb、Cu和Zn)和"工業污染因子"類別元素(Hg、As和Cd).消落區表層土壤重金屬污染評價及源解析可為消落區生態環境的綜合治理提供參考.
    • 摘要：簡便、快速、經濟地診斷作物氮素營養狀況是實施氮肥用量調控的關鍵.利用數碼相機對作物冠層進行拍照,通過圖像處理軟件獲得作物色彩參數,根據色彩參數與作物氮素營養狀況的關系可以對其氮素豐缺進行診斷.針對作物數字圖像色彩參數的獲取方法,結合小麥多水平氮肥試驗,采用遙感軟件PCI Geo-matics的非監督分類功能,將小麥圖像分為土壤、反光葉面和不反光葉面,與Adobe Photoshop軟件普通圖像處理方法對照,比較分析了小麥圖像不同類別葉片的8種色彩參數與SPAD值及植株全氮的相關性.結果表明,返青期小麥反光葉面的G/R與R/(R+G+B)色彩參數能較好地反映小麥的氮素營養狀況;拔節期不反光葉面和反光葉面的R/(R+G+B)色彩參數與植株全氮相關性較好.利用普通圖像處理軟件獲得色彩參數的方法有待改進,圖像分類后能夠提高其色彩參數對作物氮素營養診斷的準確性.%Easy, fast and cheap diagnosis of crop nitrogen status is a key to optimize nitrogen fertilization. Crop nitrogen status can be measured by relating it to color parameters retrieved form digital images. In this paper, color parameters of digital image of winter wheat under different levels of nitrogen supply were analyzed by using Adobe Photoshop and PCI Geomatics remote sensing image processing software and the results compared. Based on color differences, winter wheat image was divided into three parts (soil,leaves with and without reflection). Correlations among eight color parameters retrieved by PCI and Photoshop, SPAD values and total nitrogen content of wheat were analyzed. The results showed that G/R and R/(R+G+B) ratios of leaves with reflection were significantly correlated with wheat SPAD at reviving stage. R/(R+G+B) ratio of leaves with and without reflection was significantly correlated with wheat total nitrogen content at jointing stage. It was noted that improvements in image processing for getting color parameters of software were required. Color parameters obtained via image classification could increase the diagnosis accuracy of wheat nitrogen status.
    • 摘要：Using China's natural rubber plantation as a case study, this paper classified natural rubber plantation life cycle into four stages-raw material, agrochemical production, natural rubber cultivation and transportation stages. The life-cycle assessment (LCA) method was used to evaluate potential environmental impacts of tapping 1.00 kg dry rubber under identified potential impacts, including global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP), human toxicity potential (HTP) and abiotic depletion potential (ADP). This inventory analysis showed that the order of potential impacts of China's natural rubber plantation was as follows: AP ＞ EP ＞ GWP ＞ HTP ＞ POCP ＞ ADP. The respective impact indices were 1 .76× 10-12, 4.31×10-13, 1.37×10-13, 1.96×10-15, 9.69×10-18 and 4.88×10-19, with an average impact index of 4.32× l0-13. Reduced chemical fertilizer utilization and enhanced fertilization efficiency were critical for mitigating the impact of rubber plantation on the environment. This could be achieved via effective reduced energy consumption, fertilizer production emissions, and soil fertilizer loss.%應用生命周期評價方法,以我國橡膠種植為例,把橡膠種植生命周期劃分為原料、農資化、橡膠種植、運輸等4個階段,考慮了全球變暖(GWP)、環境酸化(AP)、水體富營養化(EP)、光化學煙霧形成(POCP)、人體健康損害(HTP)、不可更新資源消耗(ADP)等 6類潛在影響,對得到1 kg橡膠(以干膠計)的潛在環境影響進行了分析評價.結果表明,我國橡膠種植的各類影響排序為AP>EP>GWP>HTP>POCP>ADP,其影響指數分別為1.76E-12、4.31E-13、1.37E-13、1.96E-15、9.69E-18、4.88E-19,單一環境影響指數為4.32E-13.減少化肥施用量、提高施肥有效率是控制整個橡膠種植潛在影響大小的關鍵,其在有效降低上游直接生產能耗及其相應排放和下游損失量的基礎上,可有效降低我國橡膠種植的潛在環境影響.
    • 摘要：Using Hailun City as a case study site, land use data were collected for 1980, 1995 and 2000, evolution process of land use was analyzed via GIS and field investigations. Theory and method of ecosystem service value was used to evaluate the ecological impact of land use change in the region. The results showed that while farm, urban and traffic land areas increased, those of forest,grassland and wetland decreased. Based on ecosystem service value, ecological effects varied with land use type. Contribution rates to the ecological effects were highest for farmland (43.67％ in 2000), followed by wetland (26.32％ in 2000) and then forestland (14.69％ in 2000). Residential and industrial land had negative contribution rates. Whereas the ecological service functions of gas and climate regulation, waste disposal, soil formation, erosion control, raw material production, recreation and culture declined, those of food production increased from 1980 through 2000. This indicated rapid development of city and grain productivity in the region, on some extent, resulting in the decrease of ecological effect.%以黑龍江省海倫市為例,運用1980年、1995年和2000年的土地利用數據與實地調查相結合,對20年間海倫市土地利用演化過程進行了分析;利用生態服務價值理論與方法,分析了海倫市土地利用變化對生態服務價值的影響程度.結果表明:1980-2000年間,海倫市的耕地、城鎮用地、交通用地呈增加趨勢,而林地、草地及濕地則呈減少趨勢.區域生態效應(生態服務價值)隨土地利用類型的變化而變化,耕地對生態效應的貢獻率最高,為43.67%(2000年);其次是濕地和林地,分別為26.32%和14.96%(2000年);居民點及工礦用地對生態效應的貢獻率為負值.1980-2000年間海倫市土地利用的生態服務功能在食物生產功能方面明顯增強,而在氣體調節、氣候調節、廢物處理、土壤形成、侵蝕控制、原材料利用和娛樂文化等方面有所下降,說明城市的快速發展和糧食生產能力的提高,在一定程度上導致了區域整體生態效應的下降.
    • 摘要：The theory and technology of water-saving through crop compensation for water deficit and how they relate to crop production are theoretically important and potentially promising in agriculture application.Molecular and physiological mechanisms, however, still constitute those issues that need further research.The molecular and physiological processes of water-saving of crop by compensation for moderate water deficit was systematically analyzed based on related research advances in recent years.The researches results showed that water deficit and re-watering could change growth of plant nutritional organs such as roots, stems and leaves.Osmo-regulation, transpiration, photosynthesis and other physiological processes were also altered by water deficit and re-watering.Protein activity and molecular metabolism of crops adapted to changes in water availability.A water deficit threshold controlled compensations in crop production.With appropriate degree and duration of water deficit, crop water use efficiency improved and even increased (instead of decreasing) crop yield.If widely adopted in agricultural production, water-saving technologies through compensation for water deficit could be vital for improving economic returns and food safety.%作物缺水補償節水理論及其技術具有重要理論意義和農業應用潛力,受到國內外專家的重視并取得一系列重要研究成果,然而作物適度脅迫缺水產生補償節水效應的分子生理機制卻仍是一個尚待研究的問題.在系統總結近年來的相關進展基礎上,對引起作物適度缺水反彈補償節水的分子生理過程進行了初步分析探索.作物在發生水分脅迫和復水后,在根、莖、葉等營養器官生長、滲透調節、蒸騰速率、光合作用等生理活動以及蛋白質活性、生化代謝、分子和基因調節等方面都有相關適應變化.水分虧缺補償存在閾值范圍,如果控制適當,在一定水分虧缺強度范圍內可提高作物水分利用效率并使作物不減產甚至增產.這種缺水補償節水技術如能在農業生產上推廣應用,可有效節約水資源,提高作物經濟效益和糧食安全.

      中國生態農業學報的期刊信息

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      中國生態農業學報的獲獎情況

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